Drug-class and individual-agent evidence: GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and the major trials behind semaglutide, tirzepatide, and related therapies.
An ex-vivo study finds early empagliflozin dampens NLRP3 inflammasome activity in macrophages from post-MI diabetic patients, a mechanistic signal. PICO summary and commentary.
A small exploratory study finds combining empagliflozin with linagliptin shifts urinary microbiota toward a healthy pattern in type 2 diabetes, while empagliflozin alone raises some uropathogens; infection rates were not measured. PICO summary and commentary.
A 6-month open-label RCT finds adding a Mediterranean diet and nutritional supplements to dapagliflozin improves glycaemia, albuminuria, nutrition, and quality of life more than dapagliflozin alone in diabetic nephropathy. PICO summary and commentary.
A small post hoc COMET subgroup finds SGLT2 inhibitor use is associated with about half as many eye injections in diabetic macular edema with high blood pressure, an exploratory finding from 29 patients. PICO summary and commentary.
The SURPASS-CVOT trial finds tirzepatide noninferior but not superior to dulaglutide for major cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes, confirming both incretin therapies are cardioprotective. PICO summary and commentary.
An open-label RCT finds combining metformin and liraglutide reduces weight, visceral fat, and free testosterone more than metformin alone in PCOS, with a rat study suggesting a gut-microbiota mechanism. PICO summary and commentary.
A prespecified SELECT analysis finds semaglutide's cardiovascular benefit is largely independent of weight loss, with only a third mediated by waist reduction. PICO summary and commentary.
A SURMOUNT-5 analysis finds tirzepatide and semaglutide improve physical quality of life in obesity, with neither improving mental-health scores. PICO summary and expert commentary.
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