A small 12-month RCT finds a ketogenic diet gives the largest sustained metabolic improvements while 16:8 time-restricted eating most consistently raises orexin-A; the orexin-A findings are exploratory. PICO summary and commentary.
A secondary analysis of Look AHEAD finds adults who regained weight showed greater declines in diet quality over 3 years than maintainers, an associational finding emphasising sustained dietary quality. PICO summary and commentary.
An 8-week RCT finds a ketogenic diet alters amino acid metabolism in women with overweight, raising branched-chain and α-aminobutyric acids; these are mechanistic biomarker changes, not clinical outcomes. PICO summary and commentary.
An observational analysis nested in PREDIMED-Plus finds older adults with lower dietary inflammatory potential show greater gut microbiota diversity and distinct profiles, an associational finding. PICO summary and commentary.
A 24-week RCT reports ashwagandha root extract reduces weight, BMI, stress, and food cravings versus placebo; the large weight-loss magnitude for an adaptogen supplement warrants cautious interpretation. PICO summary and commentary.
The large UK By-Band-Sleeve RCT finds gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy outperform gastric banding for weight loss and quality of life at 3 years, with bypass giving greater weight loss than sleeve and best cost-effectiveness. PICO summary and commentary.
A 16-week RCT reports two botanical extracts raise GLP-1 and reduce weight comparably to semaglutide, but manufacturer affiliation, implausibly strong correlations, and an unblinded comparator warrant strong caution. PICO summary and commentary.
A small 8-week RCT finds substrate-guided moderate-intensity intermittent walking plus a plant-based diet gives the largest body-fat and fitness improvements in sedentary women; effect sizes should be read cautiously. PICO summary and commentary.
A process evaluation within the PROGROUP feasibility trial finds a 4-day training programme prepares clinicians to deliver group obesity care with moderate fidelity, and was revised toward flexible self-directed learning. PICO summary and commentary.
A 12-week RCT finds gallic acid plus exercise modestly reduces waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and skinfolds in obesity, with benefits concentrated in the exercise-plus-supplement combination. PICO summary and commentary.
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