SGLT2 inhibitors began as glucose-lowering drugs and became foundational therapy in cardiology and nephrology — with benefits that hold independent of diabetes status. This page maps the landmark trials. Each link opens a concise PICO summary with expert commentary.
Cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs)
- EMPA-REG OUTCOME — empagliflozin: the first glucose-lowering drug to cut cardiovascular death (38%) and heart-failure hospitalisation.
- CANVAS — canagliflozin: 14% MACE reduction, alongside the amputation safety signal.
- DECLARE-TIMI 58 — dapagliflozin: heart-failure-hospitalisation benefit across a broad, lower-risk population.
Heart failure
- DAPA-HF — dapagliflozin in HFrEF, with benefit regardless of diabetes status.
- EMPEROR-Reduced — empagliflozin in HFrEF, confirmatory cardiovascular and renal benefit.
Kidney protection
- CREDENCE — canagliflozin: first dedicated renal-outcomes trial to slow diabetic nephropathy.
- DAPA-CKD — dapagliflozin: nephroprotection extended to CKD with or without diabetes.
Browse every summary
Explore the full, continually updated archive of
SGLT2 inhibitor summaries,
or see the related GLP-1 receptor agonist trials.
Hormone Insight summaries are reviewed by a practicing endocrinologist and are for healthcare professionals. They summarise published evidence and do not constitute medical advice. See our Editorial Guidelines.