Summary:
In healthy adults, protein-only intake significantly increased GLP-1 levels and urinary nitrogen excretion compared to carbohydrate-only intake, though it was associated with elevated nitrogen excretion over 24 hours.
| PICO | Description |
|---|---|
| Population | Healthy adults. |
| Intervention | Protein-only ingestion. |
| Comparison | Carbohydrate-only ingestion. |
| Outcome | Protein-only ingestion significantly elevated GLP-1 levels, sustained for 240 minutes, and engaged an amino acid-mediated insulin response. It also significantly increased urinary nitrogen excretion, which persisted up to 24 hours. Carbohydrate-only intake resulted in significantly higher GIP levels and a larger immediate insulin response. |
Source: Matthieu Clauss, et al. “Effect of high intakes of protein-only and carbohydrate-only on plasma metabolites and hormones, in addition to nitrogen excretion.” PubMed. Read article here.
